完整的英文论文格式和范文在撰写英文论文时，论文标题的格式是不能忽视的。一般英文论文标题格式包括：字数限制、字体要求、大小写要求和排版印刷。下面我们将一一解释：

英文论文标题应简明扼要，完整概括论文的主题。论文标题一般不超过15个字，并尽可能以一行显示。

如果一行无法显示，可以另起一行，也可以做成主标题、副标题的形式。英文论文标题的含义应与中文标题的含义一致。

英文论文标题的字体一般为2号，“Times New Roman”，粗体，居中。除标题外，论文中所有英文字体均使用“Times New Roman”。

全英文论文格式及范文第二部分本标准由教务处制定、修改、解释，请各相关学院参照执行。

（一）适用范围

本标准适用于东北财经大学全日制普通本科生毕业论文（含毕业设计报告，以下统称毕业论文）的撰写和制作。外国语言文学专业本科生毕业论文可按照本标准的原则和要求，按照外语写作规则撰写。

全日制普通本科生学术论文的撰写和制作参照此标准，篇幅可稍短。

（二）本标准的实施

毕业论文导师负责指导学生执行本标准。不符合本标准要求的毕业论文原则上不能提交答辩。

（三）本标准的监督管理

为保证本科生毕业论文质量，由学院和教务处实行两级评审和督导。

完整英文论文格式和样本文章3 翻译不仅仅是一门科学。这也是一门技巧，归根结底，完全令人满意的翻译始终是一门艺术。 (Nida, 1982:49) 翻译被认为是两种语言之间的文化桥梁和媒介。由于英汉之间的词汇和语法存在巨大差异，翻译并不是一件容易的事。因此，为了保持原文的韵味，同时兼顾中英两种语言，翻译过程中应合理运用翻译技巧，如以下翻译方法：

免费翻译

翻译附注

用类似的习语替换

同义对应习语的翻译

直译与意译的结合

全英文论文格式和范文第四篇论文的标题也称为标题或标题。标题是反映论文最重要的具体内容的最恰当、最简洁的词语的逻辑组合。

论文标题是论文给出的关于论文范围和质量的第一个重要信息。还需要考虑有助于选择关键词的具体信息，并准备二级文献，例如标题和索引以供检索。实用信息。论文题目非常重要，必须慎重选择。有人形容它的重要性，用了这样一句话：“论文的标题是文章的一半”。论文标题的要求是：准确恰当；简洁明了；外延和内涵恰当；引人注目。

下面分别介绍这四个方面的要求：

1.准确、得体

论文标题要求准确表达论文内容，适当体现研究的范围和深度。常见的错误是：过于笼统，标题不包含正文。关键问题是标题要与论文内容紧密联系，或者说论文内容与论文标题要相匹配、紧密联系，即标题要与论文内容相联系。文章，并且文章还应该链接到标题。这是写论文的基本准则。

2. 短小精悍

努力使标题中的字数尽可能少，并使用精心挑选的字词。至于多少字才算符合要求，并没有统一的“硬”规则。一般来说，希望论文的标题不要超过20字。但追求字数少并不能影响标题内容的恰当体现。当遇到两者确实有矛的时候，还不如多用几句话，力求表达清楚。如果一个简短的标题不足以展示论文的内容或反映一系列研究的性质，可以采用主副标题的方法，补充具体的实验材料、方法、内容等信息来制作标题既充实又准确。不要太笼统或者笼统。

3、外延和内涵要恰当

“外延”和“内涵”是形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的各个对象；所谓内涵，是指各个概念对象独特属性的体现。在提出命题时，如果不考虑逻辑上外延和内涵的恰当运用，就可能出现谬误，或者至少是不恰当的谬误。

4、引人注目

虽然论文的标题是吸引读者眼球的第一个醒目的位置，但是仍然存在一个标题是否醒目的问题，因为标题中使用的词语以及它所表达的内容是否醒目，它们所产生的效果相差甚远。有人对1987年36种公开医学科技期刊发表的部分论文标题进行了统计分析，筛选出了100篇错误标题。 100个错误标题中，“不当遗漏”错误占20%，“介词使用不当”错误占12%）。使用介词时出现的主要错误是：

省略主语——后，第一人称代词未能表达意图，未使用介词结构，导致助成分被误作主语；

需要时不使用介词；

无需使用

使用介词结构时使用。 11%是“校长的错误”； 9%是“平行关系运用不当”； 9%为“用词不当”和“句子混乱”各占9%；其他类型的错误，如标题过长、标题不一致、重复、歧义等也时有发生。

英文论文引用格式

英文法律论文的文献引用格式是什么？一篇法律学术论文往往是在大量文献引用和逻辑分析的基础上得出其研究成果的。下面我们就来看看吧！

引用规范包括两个要求：一是引用必须注明出处，二是引用形式必须统一

1. 参考文献必须注明出处。

无论是写中文论文还是英文论文，引文的作用都是完全相同的，主要包括三个方面：（1）帮助读者识别和重新定位源作品。

(2) 提供证据证明该职位经过充分研究。

另外，在阅读一些论文时，我们经常会看到一种广义引用的现象，即引用并没有体现上述功能。

例如，引用学术界的常识作为个别知名教授的观点，引用一些基本事实和常识作为个别文章的结果等。

2、引用形式要统一

引文形式必须统一，即全文的引文格式必须按照标准化的要求统一，并遵循相关要求。

在英文论文写作中，引文格式有很多参考标准。

谷歌学术搜索自动生成的引文表格中有三个选项：MLA、APA和GB/T 7714。第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《正文后引用说明规则》。广泛应用于国内高校毕业论文引用标准和理工科学术期刊。

此外，国际标准化组织（ISO）还发布了国际标准ISO 690：（信息和文献——信息资源的书目参考和引用指南），致力于促进书目参考和引文的国际统一。

文献引文格式的标准化有助于促进文献数据的信息处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等多方面。

目前，推荐了各类文献的引用标准。

各研究机构和学术期刊往往根据本领域文献的特点选择其中一种或创建自己的格式作为采用的格式。

在法律论文的引用格式上，《哈佛法律评论》等期刊联盟制定了自己的文献引用系统蓝皮书，也称为The Bluebook。这种引文格式是目前英语世界法律文件的主流引文格式。

此外，APA和Martin也被许多法律研究机构和学术期刊采用。因此，本文将分别介绍The Bluebook、APA和Martin的基本情况。

1. Bluebook文献引用格式

《蓝皮书》的英文全称是The BluebookA Uniform System of Citation，中文全称是《Blue BookA Uniform System of Citation》。

在使用过程中，一般称为蓝皮书（The Bluebook），是美国使用最广泛的法律参考指南。

该蓝皮书由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》和《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会联合编写。

蓝皮书第一版于1926 年出版，目前已是第二十版。

蓝皮书是美国大多数法学院在进行引文时参考的指南，也是美国大多数联邦法院使用的引文格式。

当然，美国最高法院有自己的引文格式，每个州只在自己的法院系统中遵守自己的引文格式。

该蓝皮书共560页，详细列出了各类文献的引用形式。

在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一篇文献的多种引用形式。

在中文关键词下，用两行空行打印毕业论文（毕业论文）的英文标题。英文主标题首字母大写，标题中其他实词首字母大写，其余均小写。

英文主标题格式：可以选择本模板中样式定义的“论文英文主标题”，也可以手动设置（Times New Roman，字号4，粗体，居中，段落前后0行，单倍行距） ）。

英文字幕格式：可以选择本模板中样式定义的“论文英文字幕”，也可以手动设置（Times New Roman、小四、粗体、居中、段前1行、段后0行） ，单行距）。

英文标题下的空行是英文摘要。

“摘要：”格式：首行缩进2个字符，Times New Roman，小四，粗体。

“摘要：”后面是英文摘要文本。

英文摘要文本格式：您可以选择本模板中样式定义的“英文摘要文本”；或者手动设置（宋体，小四，行间距固定值20点）。

英文摘要后留空行，另一行列出英文关键词。

《关键词：》格式：首行缩进2个字符，宋体，小四，粗体。

“关键词：”后面是英文关键词。用分号分隔关键字，最后一个关键字末尾不留标点符号。英文关键字全部小写。

英文关键字格式：Times New Roman，小四，行距固定值为20磅。

注意：论文初稿完成后，最好提前检查是否抄袭并修改论文。这样可以避免因学校没有足够的时间进行抄袭检查和修改而导致无法顺利通过考试和无法答辩的困境。

完整英文论文格式及范文第5号经济发展英文论文

论文是学术研究讨论问题的手段，也是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的工具。我们来看看有关经济发展的论文。

一、经济发展新常态基本特征的内在联系

保持经济增长在合理区间，为结构优化赢得时间和空间，这是新常态的基本特征。优化经济结构，就是要梳理好自己的资产，理性思考，总结得失，深化改革，创新思路，挖掘潜力，果断决策，千方百计把手头的事情做好，从聚焦增量扩张向存量与增量并重转型，最大限度地发挥和强化现有优势，不遗余力地做大做强新兴优势，是这条路径的特点。创新驱动，就是要释放全体人民的积极性和创造力，让每个人的聪明才智得到充分释放，让发展成果惠及所有人。经济社会发展能够量力而行，关系国计民生的重大问题能够量力而行。把握好重点，形成良性循环。健康发展，从而增加居民收入，提高生活水平，是一个有目的的特征。新常态的内涵应该是调整、巩固、优化、提升、稳中求进。新常态不是治标不治本，而是大经济健康发展应保持的积极理性常态。稳增长不能阻碍结构调整，结构调整过程中也不能放弃稳增长。速度、结构、驱动的特性是相互依存的，你我之间的关系是相互依存的。如果缺失的项目缺失了，那就是不完整的，不是新常态。面对新常态，关键是要充分把握新常态基本特征之间的有机统一和相互制约关系，真正认识速度、结构、动力之间的有机联系，不可忽视、不可分割、不可分割。深度融合。把客观科学地论述经济发展新常态切实落实到实际工作中。只有这样，这次讨论才能发挥引领中国经济健康发展的指导作用。

二、适应经济发展新常态需要共识和主动性

中国改革开放的伟大实践留下了解放思想、转变观念的鲜明印记。回顾每一个历史性的进步，盘点每一个划时代的成就，我们都可以看到，它们都是在思想解放和观念突破的推动和推动下实现的。对经济发展新常态的探讨，标志着我国经济发展理论的成熟、发展理念的深刻转变、指导科学发展正确道路的里程碑。因此，只有把思想和行动统一到中央对新常态的认识判断上来，才能真正解放思想、开动脑筋、开创新思路，增强加快转变发展方式的自觉性，主动适应新常态。冷静有效应对新常态新形势。只有迎接新变化、新任务的严峻挑战，才能开创新局面。适应经济发展新常态，就是稳中求进。控速、稳中求进、科学发展，是一个时期和今后一个时期国家经济工作的总基调和政策原则。发展速度从高速向中高速的转变，不是孤立的指标下降，也不是简单的压力减轻。纵观国际国内经济的起伏，世界政治经济格局的动荡日趋常态，全球经济发展趋势的不确定性明显增加。国内改革进入关键时期，利益博弈加剧，社会矛盾叠加更加突出。面对各种矛盾和挑战，保持清醒头脑，巩固根据地，谋求新发展，稳中求进，无疑是明智选择。适应新常态不是经济衰退带来的无奈，而是更好发展的大智慧。适应经济发展新常态任重而道远。进入新常态，改革发展任务异常艰巨、艰巨，工作难度和强度也大大增加。稳中求进对经济运行的组织和调节提出了更高的要求。这种增长方式的转变告别了简单性和粗放性。发展方式，以及如何优化结构、如何驱动创新，都需要大量艰苦细致的工作。追求的是高质量、高水平、高效率发展。对智能系数的要求更高，工作内容更复杂。更加困难和艰巨。尤其是面对新常态，我们切不可减轻压力，淡然处之，高枕无忧。我们要真切地感觉到，我们肩上的担子不是更轻了，而是更重了。适应经济发展新常态，必须发挥主观能动性。正确认识世界很重要，主观主动地改造世界更重要。适应新常态尤其需要调查研究方式的发展。了解情况必须深入务实，解决问题必须雷厉风行。要找准优势和不足，分析核心竞争力和边际产能，扩大优质存量，整合淘汰落后产能，培育朝阳产业，发现和培育经济增长点。一切工作不敷衍、不突破、不敷衍、不扯皮、不计较，主动自觉践行新常态。

三、应对经济发展新常态，需要变革，需要担当。

面对经济发展新常态，需要勇气和奉献精神。不顾成本和后果，以牺牲资源、环境为代价的高速发展，靠争夺资源、环境、投资、政策来发展的时代已经成为过去。优化经济结构、转变增长方式，需要非凡的勇气、能力、智慧和责任。需要科学的态度，运筹帷幄，一丝不苟，手上慎重，脚下反复考虑，埋头苦干，竭尽全力。达到极致需要时间的考验，甚至为了名利而牺牲，还要承受可能的误解。创新驱动不是一味、拍脑门、一时冲动、一朝一夕就能实现的。创新驱动是一项系统工程，特别需要发挥科技、文化、教育的整体协同作用。它需要战略眼光、前瞻性思维和规划。这取决于整个国家。质量的提升往往不能靠只争朝夕的方式立即实现。因此，怀着大胸怀、情系人民、宽广视野，埋头苦干、埋头苦干、努力谋划健康发展和国家未来，已成为非常宝贵的中华精神，值得弘扬。伟大的时代。社会需要正确。能源，国家需要骨干精英，谱写、奏响中国梦的光辉乐章。

四、经济发展新常态必然带来中国经济新跨越

经济发展新常态是科学发展的主观能动性、经济规律的客观存在和发展阶段的必然要求的完美结合和有机统一。它是经济形态的自然表现和表现。 ——阐述经济发展新常态，是对经济发展客观规律的正确判断和准确把握，关系人民福祉、国家未来。工农商学兵、东、西、北、南、中学校要把思想观念和发展思维统一到新常态上来，把工作和发展的着力点放在新常态上。适应新常态、尊重新常态、创造新常态、奉献新常态，国家就会繁荣昌盛。偏离新常态、敷衍科学发展，国家就不会长久繁荣，人民就不会永远富裕。事实是显而易见的。只有认识高度统一，形成共识，转化为全民的热情和行动，这种高瞻远瞩的发展理念才能发挥其巨大的指明方向的作用，凝聚成一股不可阻挡的力量。新常态是积极总结反思快速增长、审时度势作出的科学判断。这是中国经济健康发展的必由之路。对经济发展新常态的分析研判，为我们科学发展、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦描绘了宏伟蓝图。只要我们准确把握经济发展新常态，谋划攻坚，奋力拼搏，就一定能实现科学发展、中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。在梦想的道路上迈出更加坚实的步伐，开辟新的天地。

完整英文论文格式和样本文章6 随着社会的发展，人们认识事物的能力和范围都会得到提高和扩大。当代社会语言学认为，语言发展的最初动力不仅要从社会变迁中寻找，而且在其变迁过程中，会受到各种社会因素的制约，从而影响变迁的速度、方向和结果。 [2]。语言不仅是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的载体。社会因素为语言变异提供了动力，正因为如此，语言在这些社会因素的影响下发生变化。语言与人们的生活密切相关。在现实生活中，语言可能会因为一个民族的消失或者相应的社会活动而不复存在。比如现在的满族人已经不会说满语了，这种语言也没有被记录和保存下来。

完整英文论文格式和样本论文第7 部分1. 标题。应能概括整篇论文最重要的内容，简洁、全面、引人注目。一般不宜超过20字。

2.论文摘要和关键词。论文摘要应描述论文的要点。阐述本文的目的、研究方法、结果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息

，突出了论文的创造性成果和新见解。它不应该是一个简单的章节标题列表。摘要应在500字左右。关键词是最关键的、能体现论文主要思想的单词和短语，一般为3-5个。

3. 目录。它既是论文的大纲，又是论文各组成部分的小标题，并标明相应的页码。

4.引言（或序言）。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状、本文要解决的问题以及本研究工作对经济建设、科技进步和社会发展的理论意义和实践价值。

5. 文字。这是毕业论文的主体部分。

六，结论。论文结论应清晰、简洁、完整，阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，及其在该领域的意义。

8. 附录。包括文中过长的公式推导、辅助数学工具、重复的数据图表、论文中使用的符号含义、单位缩写、程序全文及相关说明，以便他人阅读。

尊敬的先生，

应贵公司1月15日报纸上的广告，我想申请（秘书、会计师、文员、推销员等）职位。我今年二十五岁，xx学院应届毕业生。我在这一行的工作经验包括在ABC 担任助理会计师六年，我离开目前工作的原因是因为他们正在关闭我的简历和我的照片，并相信他们可能会尊重工资，我预计每月5,000 港元。

我向您保证，如果被任命，我将尽全力让您满意。

非常真正属于你的

xxx

完整英文论文格式和样本文章8 我要向所有在这篇论文写作过程中帮助过我的人表示感谢。非常感谢我的导师孙艳兰女士的帮助，她在学术研究上给了我宝贵的建议。在准备论文的过程中，她花了很多时间阅读每一篇草稿，并为我提供了鼓舞人心的建议。没有她的耐心指导、富有洞察力的批评和专家的指导，本论文的完成是不可能的。

我还要特别感谢外国语学院的各位教授，他们的悉心教导和启发性的讲座让我受益匪浅，为论文的学术准备做好了准备。

最后我要向我一直以来敬爱的父母表达我的谢意。

1. 简短的毕业论文致谢词

全英文论文格式及样本第九篇本科论文包括以下内容（按顺序）：封面、中文摘要和关键词、英文摘要和关键词、目录、正文、注释、附录、主要参考文献、附言、封底。毕业设计正文还应包括所使用的主要仪器设备、实验数据和结果等； “附录”和“后记”根据具体情况安排，其余为必填项目。

(1) 盖子

(2)中文摘要和关键词

摘要是对论文内容的一般性描述。应忠实原文，字数在300至500字之间。关键词是从论文标题、摘要或正文中提取的、能够表达论文主题、具有实质性意义的词语。一般为动词或名词，数量不少于3个，不多于7个。

(3) 英文摘要及关键词

英文摘要和关键词由中文摘要和关键词翻译而来。

（四）目录

列出论文正文的一级、二级标题名称及对应页码，以及附录、主要参考文献、后记等对应页码。

(5) 正文

正文是论文的主要部分，通常由引言（引言）、正文、结论三部分组成。这三个部分在文中可能没有标注清楚。文本的每一章或部分都应由几个分层标题来标识。主要字数应在7000至10000字之间。

（六）注意事项

对创造的术语的解释或对引文来源的解释。评论采用脚注的形式。

（七）附录

附录属于正文，是补充正文的信息材料，主要包括：

(1) 公式推导过长，无法放在正文中；

(2)复杂的数据图表；

（三）论文中使用的字母或缩写的含义；

（四）计算机程序及相关指令等。

（八）主要参考文献

（九）后记

后记主要表达我在写作中获得的感受以及对相关人员的感谢。

(10) 后盖

封底由导师点评和学院论文答辩组织意见两部分组成。

在充分肯定西方当代文论对中国文论建设的积极影响的同时，有必要分析当代西方文论本身，考察其应用于中国文学实践的有效性，最终思考中国文论的重构。当代西方文学理论的主要局限性是：脱离文学实践，用其他学科现成的理论来解释文学文本和文学经验，并将其推广为普遍的文学规则。出于对以往理论和方法的批判甚至颠覆，将具有合理因素的观点推向极端，运用科学主义的一贯模式来解释具体的文本。当代西方文学理论生长在西方文化的土壤中，它与中国文化之间存在着语言、文化、审美的差异，这决定了其理论应用的局限性。中国文学理论建设的基本点是：第一，放弃对外国理论的过度依赖，回归中国文学实践；二是坚持民族化方向，回归中国语境，充分吸收中国传统文论遗产。三是认识并妥善处理外部研究与内部研究的关系，构建两者辩证统一的研究范式。

完整英文论文格式和范文第10号的写作格式如下：

英文论文摘要格式

1. 英文论文摘要

要的种类 摘要主要有三种：学术论文摘要，学术会议摘要及由专门摘要撰写者撰写的摘要。 本文主要探讨学术论文英文摘要。本文所选英文摘要例子均引自国内外语类核心期刊，以体现该研究对象的代表性。Arbor认为，根据撰写方法的不同，学术论文摘要主要有两种：一种是结果式摘要。这种摘要围绕研究发现结果为中心而撰写，有时会附带写上基于发现结果而得出的结论;另外一种是总结陈述式摘要，即对所撰写论文的总结陈述。 还需要注意的是，这片摘要并没有在研究结果的基础上写出据此得出的结论。选择何种方法撰写摘要，主要根据论文内容所属的研究类型和所采取的研究方法而定。本文认为，一般情况下，采用定量研究方法的论文摘要多为“结果式”;采用定性研究方法的'论文摘要多为“总结陈述式”。 二、英文摘要的结构要素 黄国文将英文摘要的结构要素归纳为六个：主题阐述、背景信息、目的陈述、方法论和语料、研究结果、发现和研究所带来的启示和结论，并指出并非所有的论文摘要都完全包括这六个要素，“事实上，一些成分是必选的，而其他成分是可有可无的”。 Slade也认为,“一篇摘要必须包括简明扼要的主题阐述，主要发现及意义，还有结论”。“摘要中一定要有方法和论文内容的重要词句，这样，此篇摘要才会在电脑中被搜索到，进而让读者决定是否阅读”。所以，在撰写摘要时，要根据具体的论文明确判断哪些要素是摘要必须包括的。 三、英文摘要的语法特点 1.英文摘要语句中主语的语法特点 2.英文摘要的时态特点 时态上，摘要也具有其自身的特点。Arbor认为，表示总结的语句通常与一般现在时或现在完成时;表示结果的语句可用过去时。Arbor还指出，“现在时态用于表示结果的语句这一情况通常易发生在自然科学领域而少发生在社会科学领域”。“主观用语的使用也易发生在自然科学领域”。 四、英文论文摘要的书写方法 摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性。即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。摘要一般应包括研究题目的选择理由和目的;研究的方法或者过程;研究的发现或者成果。 五、摘要格式 英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距)。 英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前行，段后0行，单倍行距)。 英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。英文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“英文摘要正文”或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅)。英文摘要后空一行，另起一行列出英文关键词。“Key words：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。“Key words：”后紧接英文关键词。关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个末尾不加标点。英文关键词全部小写。英文关键词格式：Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅。 英文论文字体格式 相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢?字体格式有什么要求?让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧! 英文论文字体格式 一、论文的题目要求 1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录 2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等 3、论文题目一般不超过20个字 4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明 二、论文摘要的要求 应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论 三、论文的关键词 每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词 四、论文的字体及字号格式 1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体 2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字” 3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字” 4、正文使用字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字” 5、行距 为 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行 6、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格) 7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数 相关阅读 英文论文范文 Implication of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations Abstract Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other party's culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down. Key words:culture cultural difference business negotiation impact Contents 1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4 The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4 The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4 Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4 Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4 Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4 Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4 Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4 The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5 Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5 2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5 Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5 Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8 Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8 Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8 Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8 Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8 Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8 3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9 摘要：教育论文可分为一般论文和特殊论文两类，两类论文有其不同特征。但两类论文的撰写，实质上都是提出问题、分析（或陈述）问题、解决（或回答）问题的过程。据此，我们可以探讨两类论文共同的评价标准。对教育论文的评价，一般认为有五个评价标准。这五个评价标准有其特定的内涵，它们是评价一篇教育论文是否优良的基本依据。 关键词：两类论文；解决（或回答）问题；评价标准 怎样写好一篇论文常常与如何评价一篇论文有关，因为值得了论文的评价标准，实际上也就大致知道了写好一篇论文的方向和要求。 一 教育论文可分为两大类：一类是一般学术探讨文章，另一类是特殊研究报告。两类论文各具不同的特征。 一般学术探讨文章俗称“议论文”，是思辨性研究论文。这类教育论文的文体结构灵活多变，它主要依据研究者已有的知识经验积累和现成的文献资料就可写成，无须进行系统的专门的研究行动。我国教育期刊上发表的大多是此类论文。思辨性论文以理论分析和逻辑证明为其基本特征，在内容上，注重观点创新、理论深度和学术研讨；在方法上，常用因果分析、矛盾分析、历史分析、比较分析、结构功能分析、归纳与演绎、分析与综合、科学抽象等定性分析法；在行文上，重论述轻叙述，重考证轻实证，重文献注释轻图表统计，重理论推理轻实践检验。 特殊研究报告大多是实证性研究论文，这类教育论文包括教育实验报告、调查报告、经验总结报告、行动研究报告、观察研究报告、个案研究报告等。之所以称为“特殊论文”，是因为这些研究报告的文体有其独特的结构模式。例如，实验研究报告的结构模式为：①报告的题目；②问题的提出；③研究方法；④实验的结果；③讨论与结论；⑥参考资料。一般而言，实证性研究的文体结构严谨，表述规范，格式相对固定，具有“应用文”文体的某些要求，在大多数情况下，研究者需经历一定的研究行动或研究实践才能完成。这类论文以检验假设、证实理论判断，或获得经验体会为主要特征。在行文上，一般先陈述研究背景、研究价值、研究目的或假设，有关变量、研究过程和方法，然后，重点陈述研究结果，并对所得到的结果进行分析讨论，指出新发现的情况和问题，最后，针对所得的研究结果，回答对理论假设的检验情况和是否达到研究目的、解决了研究问题，或陈述研究者的见解，也可提出进一步探讨的问题和建议。必须注意的是，对研究问题、变量、过程与方法的陈述，要清晰、准确，简明扼要；对研究结果的描述和解释要客观、平实，条理清楚；讨论问题应以客观事实为依据，采用科学的语体，恰如其分地阐析和评价；作结论应全面归纳、高度概括。 虽然上述两类论文的特征有异，但由于教育研究过程实质上都是提出问题、陈述问题或分析问题、解决问题或回答问题的过程，两类论文的撰写大致按此过程展开，因此两类论文的评价标准也有共性。 二 1974年出版的《美国心理学会出版手册》（第二版）规定了心理学研究论文的格式和写作方式。这一手册已成为心理学杂志发表论文报告的标准。据有关研究，心理学论文与研究报告的评价有如下8条标准： 1具有一个或多个具有理论意义的新结果；2研究结果具有重要的实际意义和可应用性；3论文构思新异，或者以新方式说明老问题；4研究结果的解释明确合理；5论文以简明方式综合了新的研究数据；6论文指出了先前所持的某种理论观点的问题或局限；7研究有明确的研究图式、思路或者实验（或实践）操作；8所报告的结果或理论具有普遍性。 这八条标准中，突出了对研究结果的评价标准（见第1、2、4、8条），注重论文的创新性（见第1、3、5、6条）以及应用性和推广性（见第2、8条），此外，还重视论文的思路、价值、以往研究探讨、研究方法、数据资料、结果的解释等问题的评价。《美国心理学会手册》建议，在第一稿写好后，应让与自己意见不同的人来阅读和评价，而不应只让“朋友”来评定，这样才会更容易发现问题或错误。文章还要注意书写整洁和段落分明，这样会使论文阅读效果更好。 根据美国心理学会对论文和研究报告的规定和要求，一篇优良的心理学论文或研究报告，大致应回答五个基本问题： 1你研究什么问题？2你为什么要研究这个课题？3你用什么方法去研究？4你的研究有什么创新？5你如何解释发现的问题？ 全英语论文格式和范文 第11篇Acknowledgements: I would like to express my sincere and deep gratitude to my supervisor, ProfessorSun Jisheng, for her inspiring instructions, earnest encouragement and great patienceshe has offered to me. I was especially touched and encouraged to have her detailedcomments and suggestions when revising the thesis. What's more, I learned from herthe spirit of rigorous scholarship in my contact with her in the past several months. Without her supervision and instruction, I would not have been able to complete thisthesis. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the other professors of China ForeignAffairs University during my two-year postgraduate study there. Their instructivelectures have provided me with an enjoyable and profitable learning experience atCFAU, which has greatly improved my academic interest and ability. I also owe my gratitude to my colleagues in the Ministry of Foreign Affairswhere I work. My gratitude also goes to my department for the support to thislearning journey. My heartfelt thanks also go to my wife and my daughter, who have alwayssupported me during my postgraduate learning, preparation for national qualificationexams and this thesis writing. Their love and smile every day are the most valuablethings to me on this journey. Acknowledgements: It takes me a whole year to finish this paper, and the process is definitely not easy. Fortunately, my supervisor, Professor Zhang Lei, keeps giving me valuable instructionand encouragement with her great patience and carefulness. Each time I sent her adraft of my paper, she would not only check its overall structure and logic closely, butalso correct all the errors word by word, which helped me to improve my papersteadily and made me feel more confident day by day. Without her guidance, thispaper can never be finished in time. And besides the paper itself, Professor Zhang alsogave me useful advice on how to approach the field of international relations whichwill be quite conducive to my further study. Therefore, I would like to express mysincere gratitude to Professor Zhang Lei for her kind help. I also want to thank all my English teachers at China Foreign Affairs University. During my two years' study on campus, they gave me professional and patientinstruction on English learning, which proved to be a necessary basis for the writingof this paper. Acknowledg ement: This thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties. First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor inChina Foreign Affairs University, Professor Lv Hui, for his invaluable instruction,incessant inspiration and constant encouragement. She has spent a lot of time readingand correcting my thesis. Without her academic guidance, I could not haveaccomplished this thesis. Her energy and passion for knowledge and education havehad such a great influence on me that I am sure they always remain a beacon in myfuture career. I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of China ForeignAffairs University, especially to Professor Zhang XiaoLi, Ms. Shi Yi, Ms. MeiQiong, Professor Sun Jisheng, Professor Wang Yan, Professor Song Aiqun andProfessor He Qun for everything I have learned from them during the time at thisuniversity. I would like to express my thanks to my friends Liu Ying and Jin XiaoQing fortheir sincere support. In addition, I wish to say thanks to my family and relatives, especially my elderbrother Liu WenFeng, who gave me a lot of useful information for me. In the end, I'm grateful to my mother. Without her help and encouragement, Iwould never have finished this thesis on time. Acknowledgements: This thesis would not have been possible without constructive advice and helpfrom many persons. First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor inChina Foreign Affairs University, Professor Ran Jijun, for his great advice andguidance on the content and format of this thesis, which is critical for revision. Without his academic guidance, I could not have accomplished this thesis. I would like to express my appreciation to all my teachers in the EnglishDepartment of China Foreign Affairs University, especially to Professor He Yinghong,Professor Guo Liqiu, Professor Sun Jisheng, Professor Zhang Lei, Professor SongAiqun, Professor Wei Lamei and Professor He Qun for everything I have learned fromthem during the two years at this university. Also, the emotional support from my parents and my husband is no less importantthan the academic assistance. In the end, I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues who helped collectuseful reference books and materials for me. AcknowledgementsThis thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties. First, I'd like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor in China ForeignAffairs University, Professor Zhang Xiaoli, who gave me a lot of useful andconstructive advice on my thesis. With his professional and academic knowledge, hetaught me how to do research, how to revise the thesis. Whenever I sent him ane-mail concerning my thesis, he replied soon. He spent a lot of time reading andcorrecting my thesis. Only under his guidance and encouragement could I finish thisthesis. I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of ChinaForeign Affairs University. As a teacher myself, I learned a lot about interpretation,translation, culture and teaching methods from them, which is helpful to my job. I wish to express my thanks to my leader, dean of the Department of AppliedLinguistics, Capital Medical University. She encouraged me constantly to finish thestudy. At last, I want to thank my husband and other family members and relatives,who showed their concern and support when I pursued my study. 全英语论文格式和范文 第12篇如果只是就排列的纲目堆砌材料, 做描述性的铺陈,纵然素材丰富,文辞流畅,也难有价值。假说的结论是或然的。假说只是对未知事物或规律性的一种推测。这种推测可能被证实为真,也可能被证实为假。假说可以通过实践加以验证。假说虽然是推测性的,但是,它和缺乏科学根据的主观臆想和幻想具有本质不同,它可能在实践中被证明为真,而神话、臆想只能通过实践被证明为假。 假说的建立包括三个阶段:一是提出阶段,经常使用归纳推理、类比推理的方法;二是推演阶段, 经常使用逻辑推理即演绎推理方法;三是验证阶段,要求反复验证,但不绝对否定。建立假说应该遵循两条规则:一要以事实材料、科学知识为前提;二不与科学原理相矛盾,自身也不应逻辑矛盾。 可伪证性、似真性、简单性三项原则,是一些学者倡导的评价科学理论或假说的标准。正确的假说是一篇论文的灵魂。那些无意义的或无须求证的见解,或以偏概全的假设,都不是科学的假说。 《英国文学II》学期论文要求 一、学期论文使用语言及论文篇幅 1、论文一律用英文撰写。 2、论文长度要求1500-2000英语单词。 二、学期论文用纸规格A4（21cm×） 三、学期论文的组成部分 1、封面页（Title page）（格式见模板） 2、摘要、关键词页（Abstract and key words page）（单独成一页，摘要大约100英文单词、关键词3-5个 3、正文、参考文献页（Thesis and references pages） 四、学期论文的排版要求 1、页面设置：页边距为Word的默认设置，每段落首行缩进四个字母。 2、正文用Times New Roman, 五号（小标题用4号，粗体），论文中出现的中文用宋体五号。 3、页码标注：用阿拉伯数字，在页面右下方标明页码。 4、行距：正文行距为单倍。 5、引文： （1）少量引文放在引号中；超过四行的大段摘引(block quotation)独立成段，无需引号，左右两边缩四个字母的位置。如在引用时交待了源自某人， 则在人名后用括号注明时间和页码， 比如，(1985240)；如未作如此交待， 在引文后的括号内还须加注人名， 比如，(Smith, 1982276) （2）引用某一观点而未用原话，如已交待源自某人，则在人名后用括号注明时间即可， 比如，(1985)；如未交待源自某人， 在被引用的观点后的括号内还须加注人名， 比如，(Smith, 1982)。 （3）人名和时间等须和参考文献中的一致。 6、标题对齐方式：论文中的各级标题一律左对齐。一级标题用“1．„”的格式标注，二级标题用“1．1 „”，三级“1．1．1 „”，比如： 1．„ 1．1 „ 1．1．1 „ 1．1．2 „ 1．2 „ 1．2．1 „ 1．2．2 „ 2．„ 2．1 „ 2．1．1 „ „依此类推。 五、学期论文参考文献要求 全英语论文格式和范文 第13篇论文用A4纸纵向单面打印。页边距设置：上，下，左，右。 同时也揭示了中国社会和谐发展的幸福水平然后，针对中国梦与大学生规划3000字论文第二届大学生职业生涯规划大赛_学生作品1 2019年04月02。2000字论文范文参考，论文2000字范文参考格式，语文论文范文参考2000字，论文的范文2000字，论文范文2000字标准范文，论文范文参考1000字，2000字论。1论文题目要求准确简练醒目新颖 2目录目录是论文中主要段落的简表短篇论文不必列目录 3提要是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短。 毕业论文6000字模范文 你好，安排本科硕士博士等各专业的毕业论文，周期短，质量高，包包修正，希望我的回答能对你有所帮助，我想录用 000字的论。一什么是文学评论 文学评论是运用文学理论现象进行研究，探讨，揭示文学的发展规律，以指导文学创作的实践活动 文学评论包括诗歌评论小说评论散文。郑州二七万达广场文秘帮论文格式模板范文，英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准 英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿。 2000字标准学术论文格式精彩范文 关键词 学术，标准，精彩，论文格式，范文 2000字标准学术论文格式精彩范文 摘要每到毕业季，同学们是不是都是在。本文主要为您介绍标准的毕业论文范文2000，内容包括00字的标准论文及格式，论文的标准格式是什么样的啊2000左右的论文该怎么写啊，国家标准的。历史论文2000字 司马戊大方鼎仍然是迄今世界上发现的最大的青铜器 人民教育出版社编写的九年义务教育中国历史第一册第24页讲到“商朝后期制。 论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùn wén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。 全英语论文格式和范文 第14篇一、英语论文的标题 打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。 接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。 主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。 各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。 需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。 如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。 段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。 全英语论文格式和范文 第15篇contents introduction………………………………………………………………1 common historical background……………………………………1 international………………………………………………………1 national…………………………………………………………1 common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2 beats in literature………………………………………………2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3 ideologies in between……………………………………………4 beatniks were fed up with their government about the explanations of why things happened……………………4 their same destiny……………………………………………4 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6 identical lifestyles………………………………………………6 bohemian…………………………………………………………7 beats…………………………………………………………7 rockers………………………………………………………7 madness…………………………………………………………8 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish, and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven to madness……………………………………………………8 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on rock circus spot………………………………………………9 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9 drugs…………………………………………………………9 homosexual…………………………………………………10 4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11 conclusion………………………………………………………………1 全英语论文格式和范文 第16篇One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions) 全英语论文格式和范文 第17篇英文论文引用格式 英文法学论文的文献引用格式是怎么样的?一篇法学学术论文往往在在大量文献引用和逻辑分析基础上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧! 引用规范包括两个要求：一是对于参考借鉴必须注明出处，二是引用形式要统一 1.参考借鉴必须注明出处 无论是中文还是英文论文的写作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三个方面：(1)帮助读者识别和调用相关文献资源：Help readers identify and relocate the source work。 (2)证明论文的观点是经过充分研究得出的;Provide evidence that the position is well-researched。 此外，在阅读一些论文的时候，我们经常看到一个引用泛化的现象，就是引用没有体现上述功能。 例如，将学界通识引用为个别知名教授的观点，将一些基本事实、常识引用为个别文章的成果，等等。 2.引用形式要统一 引用形式要统一，是指引用的格式必须按照标准化的要求做到全文统一，并遵循有关要求。 在英文论文写作中，引用的格式有多种参考标准。 在Google Scholar检索中自动生成的Citation形式里面，就有MLA、APA和GB/T 7714三种可选，其中第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》，在国内高校的毕业论文引用规范和理工科学术期刊中采用较多。 此外，国际标准化组织(ISO)还发布了文献引用格式的国际标准ISO 690(Information and documentation -- Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources)，致力于推动文献引用格式的国际协调一致。 文献引用格式的标准化，有利于促进文献数据的信息化处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等诸多方面。 目前，各种类型文献引用规范都是推荐性的。 各个研究机构、学术期刊往往会根据本领域文献的特征，选择其中一种或者自创一种格式作为采用格式。 在法学论文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律评论》等为主的期刊联盟就自行制定了文献引用体系的蓝皮书，也即The Bluebook，该引用格式目前是英文世界法学文献的主流引用格式。 此外，APA、Martin也被诸多法学研究机构和学术期刊采用，故此，本文就分别介绍一下The Bluebook、APA、Martin的基本情况。 1、The Bluebook 文献引用格式 The Bluebook的英文全称为The BluebookA Uniform System of Citation，中文全称为《蓝皮书：统一注释体系》。 在使用过程中，一般直接称为蓝皮书(The Bluebook)，它是一本在美国使用最为广泛的法律引用指南。 蓝皮书是由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会共同参与编写。 蓝皮书第一版出版于1926年，现在已经出到了第二十版。 蓝皮书是美国绝大多数法学院进行引用时参考的指南，也是美国绝大多数联邦法院使用的引用格式。 当然，美国最高法院有自己的引用格式，每个州在自己的法院系统里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。 The Bluebook全书共计560页，详细的列举了各类文献的引用形式。 在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文献的多种引用形式。 全英语论文格式和范文 第18篇本文通过对语言变异的.社会因素的研究，发现语言变异是在一定的条件和环境下发生的。语言不可能一成不变，要随着社会的发展而产生相应的变化。xxx更替下的地域划分最容易造成语言上的变化，一个新地域的出现，民族的融合和分裂等必然会产生一种新的当地的或者是新民族的语言； 而在社会阶层和地位上，由于之前的政治制度和等级制度在人们心中有着严苛的地位分别，人们所使用的语言有明显的地位之分，且各种职业的分工，产生了各个行业中的专门语言。男女的说话方式以及感情色彩存在着差异，女性的语言伴有多种感情色彩，表达很含蓄，而男性则更多地表现出直接和豪放的风格；随着人的不断成长以及阅历和认知水平的提高，语言的变异也会得到充分体现。正常情况下，年长者的语言比孩子的语言更有水平和成熟。种族上，每个种族都有自身的语言规则和使用习惯，不会受其他标准语的影响而有太大的改变。 从上述的研究来看，未来语言的变化受社会阶层和地位的影响并不是很大。虽然现在有些国家xxx依然动荡，但即使出现新的地域划分和民族，世界一体化下的语言系统的影响还是占主导地位。而男女两个不同主体上语言的差别还将长期存在，即使现在普遍女性地位都有所提高，两者在语言上的感情色彩的差别还将极大地影响语言的变异。而从个人来说，年龄差异在语言变异中的体现一直都是相对稳定的。种族上体现的语言差异也将一直存在，随着种族人口的社会活动而发生改变。 全英语论文格式和范文 第19篇(一)论文的正文用小四号宋体 (二)论文的安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式 章：标题 小二号黑体，加粗，居中。 节：标题 小三号黑体，加粗，居中。 一级标题序号 如：一、二、三、 标题四号黑体，加粗，顶格。 二级标题序号 如：(一)论文的(二)论文的(三)论文的 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，顶格。 三级标题序号 如：. 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。 四级标题序号 如：(1)论文的(2)论文的(3)论文的 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。 五级标题序号 如：①②③ 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。 医学、体育类毕业论文各章序号用阿拉伯数字编码，层次格式为：1××××(小2号黑体，居中)论文的××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(3号黑体，居左)论文的×××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(小3号黑体，居左)论文的××××××××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。①××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)论文的a.××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)论文的 全英语论文格式和范文 第20篇Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselvesnine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method) 全英语论文格式和范文 第21篇Abstract Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other partys culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down. Key wordsculture cultural difference business negotiation impact Contents 1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4 The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4 The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4 Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4 Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4 Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4 Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4 Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4 The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5 Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5 2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5 Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5 Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8 Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8 Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8 Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8 Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8 Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8 3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9 To learn more about the former in the negotiations of the cultural differences that may arise………...…………………..……………….…..9 In the negotiations necessary to correctly handle the cultural differences………………………………………………………………...9 Negotiations to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences…………...…………………………………………......……10 4. References…………………...………….………………………….……....11 Business negotiation in interpersonal relationships as a special form, relate to different geographical, ethnic, social and cultural exchanges and contacts, which have taken place in cross-cultural negotiations. In cross-cultural negotiations, the different geographical, ethnic, cultural differences will affect the thinking of those negotiations, the negotiation style and behavior, thus affecting the entire negotiation process. Therefore, to engage in business activities, especially for the cross-border business activities must understand and master the links between different cultures and differences. Conducting negotiations with the organization, also have to understand that cultural differences impact on the negotiations, only the face of such a positive impact on the desired objectives can be achieved. 1. Cultural differences the definition of culture National culture is a country-specific concepts and value systems, which constitute the concept of peoples lives and work behavior. The nations of the world as a result of specific historical and geographical and gradually formed its own unique cultural traditions and cultural patterns. As the difference of Chinese and Western traditional customs, values, religious beliefs , different ways of thinking, etc, making the different performance of Chinese and Western cultures. the causes of cultural differences Cultural diversity caused by many reasons, To sum up, the main source of cultural differences are in the following areas: geographical differences Refers to the geographical differences in different geographic regions due to the geographical environment, the level of economic development and traditional differences in habits, people often have different language, lifestyle and hobbies. And these will affect their behavior. For example, the West and the American people in some countries treat Christmas important, but in areas such as near the equator do not have snow all the year round, the people of some African countries may not have the concept of Christmas because the best modified Christmas is snow, as to the people in the region that are not long-term snow ,there is little concentration of Christmas than American States. national differences Ethnic differences is the different ethnic groups in the development of long-term process, the formation of their own language, customs and preferences, habits. Their diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life of their own characteristics. Take the history of our country and our Hun Han, the Xiongnu people are valiant, characteristics of typical nomads. And we tame the Han character, the typical characteristics of farming nation. Which led to the Huns in the diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life are different with Han. the political differences Political differences are due to the political system and the policies and regulations on peoples behavior with the role of a standardized, so that all peoples in the political aspects on the concept of the existence are differences. Take the United States and France as example, the United States by the Constitution the powers of the President of the severe restrictions on the two major powers with other institutions of Congress and the Supreme Court of strong constraints. While France also had to set was ready to royalist restoration of the monarchy of the Third Republic to amend the Constitution a little further expand the powers of the president. economic disparities Economic differences are result of the economic factors of a reflection of cultural differences. For example, the people in the Western developed countries are rich lives and high level of education, people will pay more attention to the quality of life, security means more generally. And economic backwardness of the Third World, people care more about food and clothing. religious differences Religion is the development of human society to a certain stage of historical phenomenon, Religion has its own (Catholic) Major epidemic in Western Europe and South American; Islam is the scope of the whole of the Middle East and North Africa. Buddhism is more prevalent in Asian countries. The world has three major religionsChristianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is major epidemic in Northern Europe, North America and Australia; people in many parts of Asia believe in Buddhist. Different religions have different cultural tendencies and precepts, which affect the way of people understand things, codes of conduct and values. the concept of Values difference Values are means of objective evaluation criteria of things. It includes the concept of time, wealth, the attitude towards life, the attitude to risk and so on. Different societies’ people to the same things and problems will come to different and even opposite conclusions. Geographical differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and differences in concepts have the impact on peoples penetration in the food, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life in all its aspects. Thus affecting peoples behavior, values, religious beliefs and modes of thought have a lot of difference, Finally has formed the various countries and areas of cultural differences. cultural differences on the importance of international business negotiations Practice in the negotiations, many negotiators often do not understand, or took note of the cultural importance of the significant impact on negotiations. Negotiating parties for foreign culture, some negotiators may have noticed some of the other negotiations, “different” or “hard to understand” the concrete manifestation of negotiations, but that is not important. Some people blindly believe that negotiation is the use of foreign-related facts and figures to speak, and the facts and data are common. Similarly, some foreign countries’ negotiators to negotiations with each other to maintain harmonious relations, they will notice the similarities between both cultures, while ignoring their differences. Lets look at an example. In 1992, negotiators from China and other 12 experts of different professions to form a delegation to the United States purchases about 30 million . dollars of chemical equipment and technology. The US naturally does everything possible to satisfy them. One of them is negotiations in the first round of the delegation sent to each of them a small souvenir. The Souvenirs packaging is very particular is a beautiful red box, red for advanced. But when the delegation was pleased to open the box when face-to-face in accordance with the Americans, Everyones face appears very not the nature actually--there is a golf cap, but the color is green. American businessmans intention isafter signing the contract, and everyone to play golf. But they don’t know the “be a cuckold” is the biggest taboo in Chinese men. Finally the delegation did not sign the contract, not because the Americans “insult” people, but because they work careless, and even don’t know the common sense that Chinese men taboo “be a cuckold”. How can we feel free to tens of millions of dollars project to them? It can be seen that the failure of the Americans negotiation is due to they do not understand the Chinese culture. From the above examples, we can learn in business negotiations, if we do not attach importance to each others cultural differences, the negotiations are likely to lead to failure. 2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations The impact of culture on negotiations is extensive and profound, and different cultures will naturally divided people into different groups, this region, the difference between their respective groups are bringing people of different cultural groups tend to alienate each other; On the other hand, different cultural communication and exchanges between people are also obstacles. Therefore, the requirements of the negotiators to accept each others culture, but also by cultural differences, unmistakably reveals that the purpose of understanding of each others behavior, and they have been accepted by the other party, and ultimately reach a consensus agreement. Overall, the impact on culture negotiations are in following several aspects: the communication process Cultural differences on the communication process of the negotiations, first of all is the performance of the communication language in the negotiation process. Language is a bridge of any country, any region and any nation. States companies, individuals to conduct business negotiations, we must first have the language to this. The differences language of international business activities is the most direct and clear. Such as Chinas “white elephant” brand batteries, to the English “White Elephant” it would cause bad associations. Because the “White Elephant” In addition to the name of animals that have two meanings“The owner did not use, but may be useful to others; do not reuse things.” Solve the language problem is very simple, you can hire a translator or use a common third language to talk. While the negotiators of the language used in a variety of cultures with higher fitness, but no matter what, the difference is obvious. Such as Japan, Brazil and France Culture, the Japanese style of business communication is the most polite, more positive commitment to the use of recommended and guarantees, and less use of threats, commands and warnings of freedom of speech, their manners of speech style, The most prominent is that they do not often use “no”, “you” and facial gaze, but to maintain a period of silence; Brazilian businessmen to use “no” and “you” at the higher frequency, their negotiation style seems more presumptuous, and it seems not lonely in the negotiations, to gaze at each other and touch each other from time to time; French businessmen negotiating style is all the most presumptuous, in particular, their use of threats and warnings at the highest frequency, in addition, they are still very frequent use of interrupted, facial gaze, as well as “no” and “you”. It can be seen, only to clarify these differences that can avoid the reticent Japanese, Brazilian over enthusiasm or the French’s misunderstanding of the threat, which achieved the success of international business negotiations. Cultural differences impact on the negotiation process not only in the process of language communication, but also in the process of non-verbal communication. Cultural differences will lead to different countries or regions in the body language of negotiations, the use of action language significantly different, or even the same language of action is diametrically opposed to the transfer of information. For example, the vast majority of countries are in favor of nod his head for agree. But in India, Nepal and other countries that are certainly shaking his head, that is, shaking his head and smiling, that is positive meaning, some people just do it diagonally on the rise is still a good way, some people are a population frequency said “You are right! You are right!” but a continuously shaking his head, often make others do not know its true psychological and full of doubt. But negotiators shape, movement, language, awareness and use of the differences, also create an obstacle for the negotiations in communication. Cultural differences also can lead to the negotiators of the differences in communication. People of different cultures have their preferences and habits of communication and cross-cultural negotiations in the negotiating parties often belong to different cultures, have their own customary means of communication. Accustomed to different means of communication between the parties to conduct a more depth in communication, often cause a wide range of issues. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators and those from countries with low culture of the negotiators may be in different ways of expression during the negotiation process. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators may be chosen euphemism, indirect ways to express their meaning. While from low culture of the negotiators preference for using oral expression to negotiate, direct or receive a clear message, straightforward means to express themselves. These two negotiators from different cultures during the negotiations, the party think the other side is often too rough, while the other may think that the other side lack of good faith in negotiations, or misunderstanding the silence of each others conditions for its approval. the negotiation style The negotiation style is the main bearing and the attitude which displays in the negotiations activities. the style of negotiations in the course of negotiators’ behavior, conduct and control of the negotiation process of the method and means. Negotiators negotiations Style with a deep cultural stigma. Culture not only determines the Ethics Code of Ethics for negotiators, but also affects the way of thinking negotiators’ behavior and personality, so that make the negotiators of different cultural backgrounds form a very different style of negotiation. Negotiating style of the negotiation process for the negotiations between the two sides approach the relationship, contacts, and even the structure of the negotiations has a direct impact. Adhere to cultural differences, negotiating styles can be divided into two typesthe negotiation style of Oriental and Western style negotiations. Oriental style is based on negotiations as the background of oriental culture of Asian countries negotiation styles, with Japan, South Korea for a typical representative: Japanese business men are conservative, attention to status-oriented, credit and the initial cooperation, co-dependent relationship between stress and good at negotiating. Japanese attached great importance to the negotiations in the transaction to establish harmonious interpersonal relationships. If there had been contacts with Japanese, before the negotiations should be recall the past exchanges and friendship between the two sides, which will be beneficial to the next negotiations. They did not support and habit the direct, purely commercial activities. If it is the first time to establish trade relations with Japanese, the party responsible for higher status in charge visits in opposite party enterprise at the same level status person in charge is extremely important, it attached great importance to Japanese companies and the trading relationship with you. When negotiations with Japan, it’s the best to send staff rank and status at high-level than the other side. This will facilitate the conduct of the talks. It should also be noted that Japanese womens status in society is lower, generally they not allowed to participate in the operation and management of large companies activities, the Japanese are also in a number of important occasions of non-female. Therefore, when encountered formal negotiations generally not appropriate to allow women to participate in, or else they may be skeptical, and even expressed dissatisfaction. Korean character stubborn, often stuck to their own views in the negotiations and will not easily compromise. In this case we must grasp the strategy, it is necessary to adhere to argue, but also common sense to master a certain sense of propriety, and sometimes also need to be patient. On the other hand, South Korea in the negotiations seldom to express the views directly, often need the other side to try to figure out, in order to accurately understand the meaning of each other, South Korea may ask the same question repeatedly, so that when making decisions to ensure the correctness. And South Korea signed a contract does not mean that their success will not be changed, for other reasons they would seek to amend or re-start negotiations with you. Western-type style of negotiation is based on Western culture of Europe and the United States as the background style of negotiations. The main representatives are the United States and United Kingdom. Americans often talk about “Business is Business” (business to the business) means doing business need to not recognize ones own closest relatives, insist on the principle of things not for people. “Time is money”, “money is everything” is the unswerving credo of American. Their business activities is often straightforward, be anxious for success, business came straight to the point, they always picking up the phone to talk, sit down and get straight to the point, They calculate the progress by the hour and the number of days, their opponents often feel pressure from them. American businessmen do not like the use an agent or participate in negotiations with the consultant, give others the impression that they can say on behalf of the company. They like to sit down to do business immediately. In addition, the United States businessmen attached great importance to economic benefits, they have a slang called“Bang for Buck”, that is, with minimum capital investment to obtain the greatest benefit. British merchants engaged in commercial activities pay more attention to informal traders than other countries in the world, but also more conservative. Even today, the world has entered the electronic information age, in the UK by telephone to talk about business is unacceptable. British businessmen are more willing to make full preparations in advance, and then face-to-face talks. As long as they do not believe that the details of a settlement will not solve, they will never sign, all must have to do as rule. As a result of the British very great importance to the position, the title is also very important to them. Therefore, the selection status of the person as a broker of highly influential business, political forces and the role of trade unions in the business also can not be neglected. Of course, it also must pay attention to the actual negotiations process, although the same cultural background of the negotiators, the talks there was a clear difference, but subject to sub-culture, as well as other factors, the same cultural background of individual negotiators, the negotiations style can be very different. Cultural values Cultural values is measure the consequences of peoples behavior and standards. They affecting the way of people understanding the problems and will give rise to a strong emotional impact. In different cultures, values will be very different. Culture in a very appropriate behavior in another culture may be seen as immoral. For example, Americans believe that nepotism is immoral, however it as an obligation at the majority of Latin American culture. Therefore, the Understanding of a certain society in popular as well as these ideas in the personal behavior the degree which respects is very important. Our discussions here will focus on those activities is essential to understand the socio-economic values, more specifically, is these for promote the cross-cultural communicative competence and the values is worth noting. Ethics China has heavier ethics. “Acquaintance” and “relationship” has its own special meaning and significance, once the relations have been established, the two sides have become acquaintances or friends, and generous concessions to help the situation appear, and the degree of trust and tolerance will be improved, so the Chinese people have more oral agreement. Americans is not the case, they do not pay attention to cultivating the feelings of both sides, and attempts to separate business and friendship. To deal with the problem, often used the legal means, lawyers come forward to solve the problem is common, it is flexible and not rigid, we should clearly recognize this point. However, once sign the contract, they are very much focused on the legal contract, the performance of the contract is higher. The Chinese delegation to the West, maybe a long time no one could entertain, and this misunderstanding of the people are not interested in their visit; Europeans come to China, No matter what they do may find that there are people who accompanied, and this misunderstanding of the people lack of trust in them. Of foreign visitors, a senior care too much, not to mention dinner, often mistakenly believe that this expressed his companys products or have a preference, this in fact is the Chinese hospitality, This can lead to subsequent disappointment, and even complain. awareness In the course of the Chinese and Western cultural traditions and different cultural values, on the negotiations issues tend to have a confrontation or misunderstanding. Chinas national character has a very remarkable phenomenon, that is Settles on the face or the dignity. At the negotiating table, if make a choice from “decent” and “interest”, both the Chinese people will often choose to “decent.” Why do the Chinese people want to save face at all costs? Because of the ideological core of Chinese culture is a group consciousness. In accordance with the sense that each one is not a separate person, but living in a certain social relations, and no face will not the face of others, there is no face on the people and will not be able to live in the social and group life, and may even be abandoned by society and the groups. But not like Westerners, they value the interests of negotiations, they will not hesitate to choose interest from “decent” and “interest” of the two. Chinese people regarding negotiations result whether can bring honor for their face, looks extremely important, as well as some Western negotiators in their works cautioned China in the talks, we must note that use of Chinas national character. It is clear that only a correct understanding and properly grasp the existence of Chinese and Western differences in national character, can effectively help us in a timely manner to correct our own shortcomings and strengthen our own advantages and use of others shortcomings to collapse of others strengths. the concept of collective Chinas concept of collective a stronger emphasis on collective responsibility, Therefore the negotiations pattern basically is the collective, but to make the final decisions are a decisive one, and even the decisive one simply has not entered the stage. This is known as the cultural experts of “high from the right to culture”, in the event of difficult issues more complicated, the negotiators on the difficult decisions; and the Western culture of Jurists which was referred to as “low from the right to culture”, on the surface is one or two people out, negotiators have been given the appropriate permissions, or assisted in its decision-making think-tank, which in the negotiations, the sole responsibility of the negotiations were heavier, higher and more flexible. the concept of time Concept of time and how it decided the peoples action plan for international business negotiations has a broad impact of the invisible. The daily negotiations behavior manifests observes the difference aspect of time may be is the most obvious results of the performance. Jewish businessmen attached great importance of time. They always believe that time is not money, time and goods, is the capital to make money. Money can borrow, but time can not be borrowed, the time is more valuable than money. A wealthy Jewish income of 200,000 US dollars monthly have been considered such an accounthis daily wage is 8 1000 dollars, then about 17 . dollars per minute. If he had been disturbed and waste 5 minutes, then is the equivalent of stolen 85 . dollars in cash. Strong concept of time improved the efficiency of the Jews, they are often at work in seconds and every second counts. On the Jewish people, never appear leave early, late, or to stall for time and so on. In the business activities of the Jews “Uninvited guest” is almost as the same as the “unwelcome person”, because uninvited guests will disrupt the timing of the original, and waste everybodys time. For the time extremely mean of the Jewish, in the time to discuss the concept of time is stronger. Before Jews in the negotiations, the time must have been agreement. They agreed not only in a certain period of a day, but also appointment “from the starting points to a few minutes to talk about.” During the meeting, in addition to polite greetings outside, the Jews immediately to discuss business, this is have good manners and good performance, at the same time that mean respect of each other. 3. how to deal with the cultural differences on international business negotiations Only recognize and accommodate cultural differences can take the whole process of negotiations in response to countermeasures, including before the negotiations that may arise cultural differences, correctly handle the cultural differences on negotiations, do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations. before the negotiations to understand the cultural differences that may arise It is essential to understand cultural differences before negotiations. Preparatory work for negotiations includethe background of negotiations and assessment of the situation, to verify the fact the negotiation process, the agenda, the best strategy options and concessions. The background of the negotiations also include the location, site layout, bargaining unit, the Senate on the number of listeners, the channels of communication and the time limit of negotiations. All these preparations must be taken into account possible of cultural differences. For example, the venue layout of cultural differences may have a slightly affected of the cooperation. In the culture of heavier hierarchy, if the room arrangement improper, more casually, it could lead to anxiety and even anger of the other side. In addition, negotiations styles are due to culture differences. American culture tend to work together “to finalize an agreement”; and Japanese culture likes to talk with everyone separately, if everyone agrees, then arranges a broader scope discussion; the Russian people like a total approach, and one to talk about to settle an agreement, and then the front of the two parties invite a third party, so continue. Time limit for the control of the negotiations is also very important. Different cultures have different concepts of time. Such as North America, the concept of time is a strong culture, for Americans, time is money. The culture of the Middle East and Latin America was relatively weak concept of time, in their view, time should be enjoyed. Thus, in international business negotiations, the concept of time differences should be prepared. correct handling of cultural differences in the negotiations First of all, the choice of language and use in the negotiations, for the Western countries, we must take the exchange-oriented approach, as simple clear as possible, and frank expression of his own ideas, not ambiguous and vague. For example, Americans like argued, language has a confrontational, drastic tone, they think that argued not only the right to express his personal views, but also conducive to problem-solving, divergent points of view will not affect the interpersonal relationships. In the oriental culture, in order to preserve the face sides of others, the face groups or other peoples face, frequent use of ambiguous and indirect language. Even if they disagree with others views, its rare to be rejected or refuted directly, but rather tortuous statement of his views, or to show embarrassment. The values of “Harmony” is the Chinese people to create an atmosphere of harmony as an important means of negotiations, in the negotiating process, they try to avoid friction, and friendship first, they pursued by a permanent long-term friendship and cooperation. Secondly, the method in the negotiations, to the United States as an example, as a result of the Oriental mode of thinking is the overall orientation, their use in the negotiations is that from the overall to local, descending from general to specific, that is, first reach a consensus of general principles, and then use this to guide specific programs to solve the problem. They do not have an obvious sequence of points, usually until the end of the negotiations, all issues will be made in concessions and commitments in order to reach an agreement. Due to the impact mode of thinking, Westerners analysis the most important things in their logical relationship between the re-specific than the whole, at the beginning of negotiations, they hurry to talk about the specific terms. Therefore, we often resolve the price, delivery, warranties and service contracts and other issues at times, solve each problem, there are concessions and commitments from start to finish, the final agreement is the sum of a series small agreements. to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations Related to contract management and follow-up to the exchange of management behavior after negotiations, first as contract, in which the relationship between people-oriented countries such as China, to resolve their disputes often do not rely solely on the legal system, and often rely on the two sides relations. In these cultures, a written contract is very short, it mainly used to describe the respective responsibilities of business partners. Western countries such as the American culture, they generally will regard the contract signing ceremony as not only a waste of time but also a waste of money, so the contract is often signed by send mail. Exchange on the follow-up, the American cultural emphasis on the “distinction between people and things”, so they did not pay attention to follow-up exchanges. Oriental culture in countries such as Japan, keep the majority of the follow-up of foreign exchange customers as international business was an important part of the negotiations. They signed the contract after a long time, they will also carry out as letters, pictures, and exchange visits. The above analysis of the cultural differences and their impact on international business negotiations, any business men engaged in cross-cultural activities should be highly priority. A cultural difference is an objective reality, the attitude of individuals or groups tend to determine the role of cultural differences, it can exaggerate the cultural differences and also reduce the barrier which causes the cultural difference to the lowest point. People in cross-cultural business negotiations, if able to overcome cultural barriers, to understand, do as the Romans do, learning to stand on other peoples point to think, that we can promote mutual understanding and work together to adapt the two sides and create an economic and cultural environment, so that we can success. 4. References [1]Cao Ling editor“Business English negotiations,” Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, [2]Xie Xiaoying editor“Business English negotiations”, China Business Press, [3]Qiu Gejia,Yang Guojun editor“win-win negotiations of modern business English”, China International Radio Press, [4]Weng Fengxiang edited“An Introduction to International Business”, Tsinghua University Press / Beijing Jiao tong University Press, 2006 [5]William Hampton with“Jewish businessmen in business start-up experience and wisdom,” translated Zheng Ping, Harbin Publishing House, 全英语论文格式和范文 第22篇英文论文 【一】英文电影听说教学问题与发展趋势 英文原声电影听说教学步骤 (一)准备阶段 1.教师准备。 (1)电影取材。 选取的电影一定要发音地道，不能有很重的口音，要便于学生学习标准的发音。 电影同时要有中英文双字幕，这样可以方便学生积累和记忆词汇。 电影的主题要健康向上，能够深刻揭示人生哲理，可以让学生在学习语言的同时，陶冶情操。 另外，如果电影具有某种时代意义，便于学生了解某个国家的重大历史事件，则更有选取价值。 如美国电影《冷山》(TheColdMountain)就展现了美国内战的历史背景，观看后学生会对这段历史记忆犹新。 而电影的难度虽然不宜过难，以免挫伤学生的学习积极性，但教师亦应把握影片的难度需要比学生掌握的水平稍难，这样才有助于学生的自主学习。 (2)知识准备。 在放映前老师应提前观看电影，并发掘其中的知识点，如俚语、文化信息、宗教内涵和词汇知识等等。 教师应根据学生的水平设置相关问题，并想好放映电影过程中进行学习和讨论的步骤和方法。 2.学生准备。 学生主要是知识准备。 学生可根据老师提供的影片和相关问题，上网搜集影片信息，了解故事梗概和相关背景。 这样在观看影片时学生就可以将更多的精力放在词汇和难点的理解上，而不是花费大量的时间来理解情节。 (二)学习阶段 在影片放映的过程中，老师可以适当间断放映并提供不同的任务让学生来完成以达到学习的目的。 主要方式为：(1)文化信息植入。 如影片突出体现了文化和宗教上的知识，教师应及时给与相关内容的补充，以加深学生的印象。 如影片《为戴茜小姐开车》(DrivingMissDaisy)，教师可以植入种族歧视的相关文化内容，而如影片《宾汉》(Ben-Hur)则需植入宗教文化知识。 (2)讨论。 教师可在放映过程中就相关情节和人物关系进行提问，并且让学生分组讨论，最后自由发言。 该方式有助于锻炼学生的口语和自主学习能力。 (3)抢答。 教师可设计一些问题让学生进行分组抢答，并最终给予回答正确问题较多的组以适当奖励。 但需留意问题难度要把握好，不能太难，以免挫伤学生的积极性，无法达到锻炼学生口语水平和反应能力的效果。 (三)反馈评估阶段 此阶段，学生根据影片内容进行知识的归纳总结并自我反思。 教师可以根据影片内容进行相关测试并布置作业来监控学生的学习效果，具体的方法有：1.角色扮演。 学生可选取自己感兴趣的一段电影片断进行角色扮演，并在过程中锻炼自己的临场发挥能力，提升自己的口语水平。 2.台词背诵。 教师可要求学生选取经典台词进行背诵，要求尽量模仿主人公的语音语调和情感，借此机会改进自己的语音语调。 3.写作练习。 教师可布置与影片揭示的人生哲理相关的作文话题让学生写作文表达自己对主人公、情节或者主题的见解，锻炼书面表达能力。 4.字幕翻译。 教师可去掉中文字幕，截取部分英文字幕让学生进行现场翻译，截取内容可以是俗语、俚语或较长较难的句子，让学生通过翻译字幕了解一些口语中的通俗表达，同时锻炼自己的翻译能力。 电影教学步骤、程序和环节缺一不可。 其流畅的教学过程可以有效地提高学生听、说、读、写、译等多方面的语言能力。 英文电影教学存在的问题及趋势 首先，当前英文电影教学缺乏统一的教学要求，导致教师只能凭借自己的知识体系和文化知识进行课堂设计，由于缺乏统一的模板和要求，有时难免出现教学上的偏差。 其次，影视教学耗费大量课堂时间。 这与课程的紧张安排势必发生冲突，放映电影占用大量的课堂时间的问题短期内难以解决。 第三，影视教学尚无统一的测试评估体系，其学习效果的检验缺乏可操作性，很难保证学习的延续性和有效性。 根据以上情况，笔者认为英文电影教学应从以下几方面着手改进：一是建立统一的教学要求，做到有章可循，把握方法进度，避免出现偏差。 条件成熟时可撰写出版相关教材，探索英文电影在大学英语听说课程中的具体实施办法，注意事项以及相关教学内容和要求。 二是培养高素质专业化教师队伍。 英文电影教学对教师提出要求，包括全面的知识结构，较高的文学素养，专业的艺术鉴赏力，较好的计算机操作能力，高超的双语能力，并且深谙外语教学理论，运用教育心理学上好英语电影教学课程，教会学生在欣赏电影的过程中真正掌握英语知识，培养跨文化交际能力，提高英语水平。 三是建立标准化的统一测试体系。 没有科学的测试体系就很难引导教学。 英文电影教学应立足于语言的际应用能力培养和国际交往，建立统一的测试体系，填补影视教学测试标准的空白。 英文原声电影具备文化特色，贴近生活，内容丰富，能让学生接触到最地道真实的英语，因此，通过观赏原声英文电影学习英语是学习英语的极好途径，它既能够提高学生的听力和口语水平，激发学生的学习动力和热情，也能帮助学生了解西方的风俗民情和价值观，同时也能够陶冶情操，提高鉴赏力，培养跨文化交际能力，提高个人素质。 英文原声电影教学的最终目的是全面提高学生的英语综合应用能力。 因此，教师应当通过合理的教学安排和观后活动来加强学生学习的效果，通过活动将知识的输入和输出结合起来，提高学生自主学习的能力，真正发挥英文电影教学的优势。 随着教学改革步伐的加快，我们将会面临更多的挑战，必须不断开拓创新，进一步更新教学模式和理念，培养更多高素质复合型外语教学人才。 全英语论文格式和范文 第23篇 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression. Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping,2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research) For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会 Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进 A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples) On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis) History The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms Colours Numbers 全英语论文格式和范文 第24篇英文论文致谢 Acknowledgements: I would like to grant oceans of thanks to all my respected teachers and friendswho have offered me cordial assistance during the two and a half years. First and foremost, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my respected supervisorProfessor Li Changbao, for his patient guidance, insightful suggestions and through the whole process of my thesis. Without his and invaluable suggestions, it would really be a difficult task for me tocomplete this thesis by myself. Special thanks should also go to all the excellent professors who have taught mein this university over the past two years, for leading me into the field of researchwork, and giving me tremendous inspiration, courage and confidence during my studyhere. Their insightful lectures have made my study delightful and enjoyable. Finally, I am also deeply indebted to all my family members and friends for theirencouragement which inspires me every time when I have no motivation to continue. I must mention all my roommates, who give me a comfortable atmosphere to studyand do me a lot of favor when I need help. Acknowledgements: I would like to extend my deep gratitude to all those who have offered me a lot ofhelp and support in the process of my thesis writing. First and foremost, my sincere thanks go to Professor Li Changbao, my supervisor,who has offered me numerous valuable comments and suggestions with and encouraged me profoundly throughout my postgraduate study. Without hispainstaking teaching and insightful advice, the completion of this thesis would havebeen impossible. Also, I owe many thanks to all the professors who have taught me during myprevious study in this university, for leading me into a challenging yet fascinating fieldof academic research. The profit that I gained from them will be of to my future research. Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my family and friends, who have helpedme and shared with me my worries, frustrations, and happiness. Acknowledgements: The writing of a PhD dissertation is not an easy task, especially for someone whohas just begun her academic journey. During the evolution of this dissertation. I amdeeply indebted to a number of people who have guided and supported me in manyways. I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my research supervisor. ProfessorShen Li for her sincere and selfless support, prompt and useful advice during myresearch. She gives me a lifetime unforgettable memory of her benevolence, patience,intelligence,diligence and erudition. My gratitude also goes to Professor Chu Xiaoquan, Qu Weiguo and Shen Yuan ofthe Department of English, College of Foreign Languages and Literature, FudanUniversity. They gave me substantial suggestions for the refinement of thisdissertation during my pre-oral defense. I would also like to thank Professor Zhang Chunbai of the College of ForeignLanguages, East China Normal University. Professor Huang Guowen of the Collegeof Foreign Languages, Zhongshan University and Professor Wang Tongshun of theCollege of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiaotong University, for careful review ofmy dissertation and their valuable comments. I would like to extend my special thanks to Professor Wu Zhongwei ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. Being my supervisorduring the MA studies, he awakened my interest in SLA and TCSOL in particular. Thesame gratitude also goes to Professor Chen Liangmin of the Department of French,College of Foreign Languages and Literature, Fudan University. He introduced me theelegance of the French language which I chose as my major for bachelor's study and Iwould never forget what I have learnt from him. My special thanks also go to my mentor Professor Shen Xiaoxiao ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. He provided metremendous guidance and support for my administrative work as master students'counselor and built a perfect model of a teacher, an advisor and a leader. I am also grateful to Mme Zhang Shiyu' Li Lin. Shen Anyi and He Shijin fortheir spiritual support during my project. I am always indebted to the encouragementsthey gave me. Lastly and most importantly. I would like to acknowledge the endless support,encouragement patience and understanding of my family. They gave me the incentiveto do this work and have put up unquestioningly with the difficult person that I hadbecome in the last few critical months of finalizing this dissertation. I love themforever. Acknowledgements: First and foremost, I would like to send my sincere gratitude to my supervisorProfessor Li Changbao. Without his devoted guidance during the whole course fromthe selection of the topic to the final manuscript and the efforts he has made to revisethe manuscript, this thesis would not be what it is now. Meanwhile, during the pasttwo and half years, he also provided me with valuable suggestions about study andlife which may benefit me in my whole life. High tribute shall also be paid to all the teachers who have taught me during mygraduate study. Profound and intelligent, they endowed me with new insights towardsmy study. Among those teachers, I am really grateful to Mr. Teng Chao and Ms. ChenXianghong who are so gentle and considerate to share with me the importantmaterials I need when writing the thesis. Finally, I am indebted to my parents and friends who have always supported meand encouraged me during the course of the thesis writing. Acknowledgements: The acconq)lishment of this thesis is owing to the unreserved instruction and persistentendeavour from a lot of people,to whom I would express my sincere gratitude, for this thesiscan't come into being without their joint effort. First and foremost, my sincerest thanks go to my distinguished supervisor,ProfessorShao Zhihong, who is always granting me constant instruction, and showing me anenlightment when I'm in confusion. From the thesis proposal, structure to the content, he hasgiven precious inspiration. I am deeply encouraged by his profound knowledge, insightfulteaching and conscientious modification. Secondly, my sincere appreciation also goes to all course instructors whose excellentprofession and good virtue have presented me with wisdom and intuition. Thanks for theirgenerous sharing which has prepared me for the thesis. Finally, I'd like to extend my thanks to my parents and my friends who often give mecare and encouragement in the process of my study. Under their love,I can go with strongmotivation and power and that now I can be here,completing my postgraduate studysmoothly. Acknowledgements: Before concluding this thesis, I would like to take the precious opportunity to extend mywholehearted gratitude to all who have been helping me with my accomplishment of thispaper. First and foremost,I owe my deepest gratitude to my distinguished supervisor, ProfessorYan Jinglan,who empowered me with inspiration and instruction, guided me in collection ofabundant materials, and enlightened me while in confusion. I am deeply grateful for thecontinuous support throughout my post-graduate study, especially during the time I studied atImperial College London. Without her dedicated assistance and insightfiil supervision, Iwould not have the courage to pursue for another master degree at Imperial, let alone thisthesis. My sincere appreciation also goes to my prestigious master programme team at EastChina University of Science and Techonlogy, just to name a few, Professor Yu Yuguo,Professor Shao Zhihong,Professor Wang Jianguo, Professor Yang Huimin,Ms. Zhang Pan,Ms. Lin Mei, etc.,whose thought-provoking instruction imparted profound knowledge andmorality and who accredited me the opportunity to study abroad and experience in the globalcontext within my post-graduate study. Last but not least,I am so gratefial to the programme team at Imperial College BusinessSchool, which allowed me getting access to the facilities and data polls,represented by MarcoMongiello, MBA programme senior director and Frankie Galati, senior and associate professor Sankalp Chaturvedi, supporting me with direct data andkey facts about course designs through personal emails and interviews. Without their kindestassistance, this study would have gone nowhere. 全英语论文格式和范文 第25篇英文论文摘要格式 一、英文论文摘要的种类 摘要主要有三种：学术论文摘要，学术会议摘要及由专门摘要撰写者撰写的摘要。 本文主要探讨学术论文英文摘要。本文所选英文摘要例子均引自国内外语类核心期刊，以体现该研究对象的代表性。Arbor认为，根据撰写方法的不同，学术论文摘要主要有两种：一种是结果式摘要。这种摘要围绕研究发现结果为中心而撰写，有时会附带写上基于发现结果而得出的结论;另外一种是总结陈述式摘要，即对所撰写论文的总结陈述。 还需要注意的是，这片摘要并没有在研究结果的基础上写出据此得出的结论。选择何种方法撰写摘要，主要根据论文内容所属的研究类型和所采取的研究方法而定。本文认为，一般情况下，采用定量研究方法的论文摘要多为“结果式”;采用定性研究方法的'论文摘要多为“总结陈述式”。 二、英文摘要的结构要素 黄国文将英文摘要的结构要素归纳为六个：主题阐述、背景信息、目的陈述、方法论和语料、研究结果、发现和研究所带来的启示和结论，并指出并非所有的论文摘要都完全包括这六个要素，“事实上，一些成分是必选的，而其他成分是可有可无的”。 Slade也认为,“一篇摘要必须包括简明扼要的主题阐述，主要发现及意义，还有结论”。“摘要中一定要有方法和论文内容的重要词句，这样，此篇摘要才会在电脑中被搜索到，进而让读者决定是否阅读”。所以，在撰写摘要时，要根据具体的论文明确判断哪些要素是摘要必须包括的。 三、英文摘要的语法特点 1.英文摘要语句中主语的语法特点 2.英文摘要的时态特点 时态上，摘要也具有其自身的特点。Arbor认为，表示总结的语句通常与一般现在时或现在完成时;表示结果的语句可用过去时。Arbor还指出，“现在时态用于表示结果的语句这一情况通常易发生在自然科学领域而少发生在社会科学领域”。“主观用语的使用也易发生在自然科学领域”。 四、英文论文摘要的书写方法 摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性。即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。摘要一般应包括研究题目的选择理由和目的;研究的方法或者过程;研究的发现或者成果。 五、摘要格式 英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距)。 英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前行，段后0行，单倍行距)。 英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。英文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“英文摘要正文”或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅)。英文摘要后空一行，另起一行列出英文关键词。“Key words：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。“Key words：”后紧接英文关键词。关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个末尾不加标点。英文关键词全部小写。英文关键词格式：Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅。 全英语论文格式和范文 第26篇有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。 段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。 英文论文提纲范文样本【1】 introduction………………………………………………………………1 common historical background……………………………………1 international………………………………………………………1 national…………………………………………………………1 common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2 beats in literature………………………………………………2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3 ideologies in between……………………………………………4 beatniks were fed up with their government about the explanations of why things happened……………………4 their same destiny……………………………………………4 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6 identical lifestyles………………………………………………6 bohemian…………………………………………………………7 beats…………………………………………………………7 rockers………………………………………………………7 madness…………………………………………………………8 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish, and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven to madness……………………………………………………8 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on rock circus spot………………………………………………9 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9 drugs…………………………………………………………9 homosexual…………………………………………………10 4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11 conclusion………………………………………………………………13 论文提纲格式【2】 1、论文题要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。 (短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。 字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。 关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。 5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。 6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。 7、论文打印纸张规格：A4 210×297毫米。 8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，“字符数/行数”选使用默认字符数;页边距设为 上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。 9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，“缩进”选0厘米，“间距”选0磅，“行距”选倍，“特殊格式”选(无)，“调整右缩进”选项为空，“根据页面设置确定行高格线”选项为空。 10、页眉用小五号字体打印“湖北工业大学管理学院2002级XX专业学年论文”字样，并左对齐。 ——英文论文格式 全英语论文格式和范文 第27篇英文论文提纲范文样本【1】 introduction………………………………………………………………1 common historical background……………………………………1 international………………………………………………………1 national…………………………………………………………1 common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2 beats in literature………………………………………………2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3 ideologies in between……………………………………………4 beatniks were fed up with their government about the explanations of why things happened……………………4 their same destiny……………………………………………4 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6 identical lifestyles………………………………………………6 bohemian…………………………………………………………7 beats…………………………………………………………7 rockers………………………………………………………7 madness…………………………………………………………8 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish, and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven to madness……………………………………………………8 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on rock circus spot………………………………………………9 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9 drugs…………………………………………………………9 homosexual…………………………………………………10 4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11 conclusion………………………………………………………………13 论文提纲格式【2】 1、论文题要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。 (短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。 字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。 关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 全英语论文格式和范文 第28篇1. 语言变异。 语言作为一种符号系统，由语音、语义和语法等系统组成。语言变异就是指说话者的语言表达系统由于社会因素，心理因素等而产生的语言形式变化。在陈松岑教授的《语言变异研究》的书中也说到，“变异”就是指某个语言项目在实际使用过程中所出现的状况。而“语言项目”则具有多种形式，可以是音、义等语素的结合，也可以是某个语法范畴或语法手段。语言变异的实际存在形式是变素，变异是由许多变素按照互相是否对立的原则归结出来的，一个变异可能包含不只一个变素，研究实际话语中的各种变异，从而说明各种社会因素和语言变异之间的相关关系等理论，这种研究不仅新颖，而且有科学性[3].关于语言变异成因的分类，美国社会语言学家拉波夫认为，语言变异的分类可以有不同的标准，因此他认为语言变异可以从语言变异形成的原因、语言变异在语言系统中出现的范围或层次以及变异在语言社会中的作用来分类[4].其中最后一种分类是为了了解这些变异在社会中的不同作用以及相应的变化。 2. 社会因素。 社会是一个包罗万象的大熔炉，其构成和发展有着众多的因素。社会因素就是指社会上的各种事物，即与社会有直接关系的因素，它包括社会制度、国家各项法律政策、民族、地域、社会地位、道德规范和风俗习惯等。而语言和社会的关系十分密切，语言的发展和变化都受到社会的影响，语言随着社会的产生而产生，随着社会的发展而发展。虽然语言的发展有它本身的内部发展规律，但语言作为社会现象对社会有依赖性。语言的使用要受到社会的制约，人们用语言进行社会交际时，要遵守社会约定俗成的规范。社会生产的发展、社会制度的变革、人类思维的进步促使语言日益丰富、日益精炼[1].影响语言变异的社会因素大体上是社会地位、年龄、职业、性别和种族等等，这些也可以被分类然后加以研究。 全英语论文格式和范文 第29篇1.标题 即标题，它的首要作用是归纳全部论文的中心内容。标题要切当、恰当、明显、简略、精粹。 XXXX (二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，别的单词首字母都要大写;别的：除了标题外，论文中一切英文的字体均选用“Times New Roman”) XX学院 XX级 学号XX XXX 辅导老师：XXX 2.摘要 摘要是论文的高度归纳，是长篇论文不行短少的组成有些。请求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5个要害字。 【Abstract】 XXXX…… (英文摘要：上空二行;标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必别的任何标点符号;选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗;单倍行距。) 3.要害字 是标明文献要害主题内容，但尽量少用不标准的主题词或新造词。要害字是为了文献标引作业，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文首要内容信息款目的单词或术语。 【Key Words】 XX; XX;XX;XX (英文要害字：标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必任何别的标点符号， 选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，别的单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“;”离隔，分号以后空一格;最终一个要害字以后不必任何标点符号;单倍行距。) 4.正文 全英语论文格式和范文 第30篇英文论文字体格式 相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢?字体格式有什么要求?让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧! 英文论文字体格式 一、论文的题目要求 1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录 2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等 3、论文题目一般不超过20个字 4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明 二、论文摘要的要求 应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论 三、论文的关键词 每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词 四、论文的字体及字号格式 1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体 2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字” 3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字” 4、正文使用字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字” 5、行距 为 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行 6、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格) 7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数 相关阅读 英文论文范文 Implication of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations Abstract Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other party's culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down. Key words:culture cultural difference business negotiation impact Contents 1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4 The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4 The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4 Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4 Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4 Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4 Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4 Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4 The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5 Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5 2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5 Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5 Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8 Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8 Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8 Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8 Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8 Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8 3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9 全英语论文格式和范文 第31篇英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。 主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、*数字和小写英文字母标出。 各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。 需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。 如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。